Se da la ecuación de superficie de 2 grado:
$$3 x^{2} + 3 y^{2} - 6 y + 3 z^{2} - 12 z - 10 = 0$$
Esta ecuación tiene la forma:
$$a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x z + 2 a_{14} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y z + 2 a_{24} y + a_{33} z^{2} + 2 a_{34} z + a_{44} = 0$$
donde
$$a_{11} = 3$$
$$a_{12} = 0$$
$$a_{13} = 0$$
$$a_{14} = 0$$
$$a_{22} = 3$$
$$a_{23} = 0$$
$$a_{24} = -3$$
$$a_{33} = 3$$
$$a_{34} = -6$$
$$a_{44} = -10$$
Las invariantes de esta ecuación al transformar las coordenadas son los determinantes:
$$I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33}$$
|a11 a12| |a22 a23| |a11 a13|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|a12 a22| |a23 a33| |a13 a33|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} & a_{34}\\a_{14} & a_{24} & a_{34} & a_{44}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|a11 a14| |a22 a24| |a33 a34|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|a14 a44| |a24 a44| |a34 a44|
|a11 a12 a14| |a22 a23 a24| |a11 a13 a14|
| | | | | |
K3 = |a12 a22 a24| + |a23 a33 a34| + |a13 a33 a34|
| | | | | |
|a14 a24 a44| |a24 a34 a44| |a14 a34 a44|
sustituimos coeficientes
$$I_{1} = 9$$
|3 0| |3 0| |3 0|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|0 3| |0 3| |0 3|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}3 & 0 & 0\\0 & 3 & 0\\0 & 0 & 3\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}3 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 3 & 0 & -3\\0 & 0 & 3 & -6\\0 & -3 & -6 & -10\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}3 - \lambda & 0 & 0\\0 & 3 - \lambda & 0\\0 & 0 & 3 - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|3 0 | |3 -3 | |3 -6 |
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|0 -10| |-3 -10| |-6 -10|
|3 0 0 | |3 0 -3 | |3 0 0 |
| | | | | |
K3 = |0 3 -3 | + |0 3 -6 | + |0 3 -6 |
| | | | | |
|0 -3 -10| |-3 -6 -10| |0 -6 -10|
$$I_{1} = 9$$
$$I_{2} = 27$$
$$I_{3} = 27$$
$$I_{4} = -675$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = - \lambda^{3} + 9 \lambda^{2} - 27 \lambda + 27$$
$$K_{2} = -135$$
$$K_{3} = -540$$
Como
I3 != 0
entonces por razón de tipos de rectas:
hay que
Formulamos la ecuación característica para nuestra superficie:
$$- I_{1} \lambda^{2} + I_{2} \lambda - I_{3} + \lambda^{3} = 0$$
o
$$\lambda^{3} - 9 \lambda^{2} + 27 \lambda - 27 = 0$$
$$\lambda_{1} = 3$$
$$\lambda_{2} = 3$$
$$\lambda_{3} = 3$$
entonces la forma canónica de la ecuación será
$$\left(\tilde z^{2} \lambda_{3} + \left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right)\right) + \frac{I_{4}}{I_{3}} = 0$$
$$3 \tilde x^{2} + 3 \tilde y^{2} + 3 \tilde z^{2} - 25 = 0$$
2 2 2
\tilde x \tilde y \tilde z
---------- + ---------- + ---------- = 1
2 2 2
// ___\\ // ___\\ // ___\\
||\/ 3 || ||\/ 3 || ||\/ 3 ||
||-----|| ||-----|| ||-----||
|\ 3 /| |\ 3 /| |\ 3 /|
|-------| |-------| |-------|
\ 1/5 / \ 1/5 / \ 1/5 /
es la ecuación para el tipo elipsoide
- está reducida a la forma canónica