Se da la ecuación de superficie de 2 grado:
$$- 16 x^{2} + 32 x + 144 y^{2} + 36 z^{2} + 108 z + 65 = 0$$
Esta ecuación tiene la forma:
$$a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x z + 2 a_{14} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y z + 2 a_{24} y + a_{33} z^{2} + 2 a_{34} z + a_{44} = 0$$
donde
$$a_{11} = -16$$
$$a_{12} = 0$$
$$a_{13} = 0$$
$$a_{14} = 16$$
$$a_{22} = 144$$
$$a_{23} = 0$$
$$a_{24} = 0$$
$$a_{33} = 36$$
$$a_{34} = 54$$
$$a_{44} = 65$$
Las invariantes de esta ecuación al transformar las coordenadas son los determinantes:
$$I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33}$$
|a11 a12| |a22 a23| |a11 a13|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|a12 a22| |a23 a33| |a13 a33|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} & a_{34}\\a_{14} & a_{24} & a_{34} & a_{44}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|a11 a14| |a22 a24| |a33 a34|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|a14 a44| |a24 a44| |a34 a44|
|a11 a12 a14| |a22 a23 a24| |a11 a13 a14|
| | | | | |
K3 = |a12 a22 a24| + |a23 a33 a34| + |a13 a33 a34|
| | | | | |
|a14 a24 a44| |a24 a34 a44| |a14 a34 a44|
sustituimos coeficientes
$$I_{1} = 164$$
|-16 0 | |144 0 | |-16 0 |
I2 = | | + | | + | |
| 0 144| | 0 36| | 0 36|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}-16 & 0 & 0\\0 & 144 & 0\\0 & 0 & 36\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}-16 & 0 & 0 & 16\\0 & 144 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 36 & 54\\16 & 0 & 54 & 65\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}- \lambda - 16 & 0 & 0\\0 & 144 - \lambda & 0\\0 & 0 & 36 - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|-16 16| |144 0 | |36 54|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|16 65| | 0 65| |54 65|
|-16 0 16| |144 0 0 | |-16 0 16|
| | | | | |
K3 = | 0 144 0 | + | 0 36 54| + | 0 36 54|
| | | | | |
|16 0 65| | 0 54 65| |16 54 65|
$$I_{1} = 164$$
$$I_{2} = 2304$$
$$I_{3} = -82944$$
$$I_{4} = 0$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = - \lambda^{3} + 164 \lambda^{2} - 2304 \lambda - 82944$$
$$K_{2} = 7488$$
$$K_{3} = -269568$$
Como
I3 != 0
entonces por razón de tipos de rectas:
hay que
Formulamos la ecuación característica para nuestra superficie:
$$- I_{1} \lambda^{2} + I_{2} \lambda - I_{3} + \lambda^{3} = 0$$
o
$$\lambda^{3} - 164 \lambda^{2} + 2304 \lambda + 82944 = 0$$
$$\lambda_{1} = 144$$
$$\lambda_{2} = 36$$
$$\lambda_{3} = -16$$
entonces la forma canónica de la ecuación será
$$\left(\tilde z^{2} \lambda_{3} + \left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right)\right) + \frac{I_{4}}{I_{3}} = 0$$
$$144 \tilde x^{2} + 36 \tilde y^{2} - 16 \tilde z^{2} = 0$$
$$- \frac{\tilde z^{2}}{\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^{2}} + \left(\frac{\tilde x^{2}}{\left(\frac{1}{12}\right)^{2}} + \frac{\tilde y^{2}}{\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^{2}}\right) = 0$$
es la ecuación para el tipo cono
- está reducida a la forma canónica