y / | | 1 | ------ dy | cos(y) | / 0
Integral(1/cos(y), (y, 0, y))
/ | | 1 | ------ dy | cos(y) | /
1 ------ cos(y)
cos(y)
1 cos(y) ------ = ------- cos(y) 2 cos (y)
sin(a)^2 + cos(a)^2 = 1
2 2 cos (y) = 1 - sin (y)
cos(y) cos(y) ------- = ----------- 2 2 cos (y) 1 - sin (y)
u = sin(y)
/ | | cos(y) | ----------- dy | 2 = | 1 - sin (y) | /
/ | | cos(y) | ----------- dy | 2 = | 1 - sin (y) | /
/ | | 1 | ------ du | 2 | 1 - u | /
1 1 ----- + ----- 1 1 - u 1 + u ------ = ------------- 2 2 1 - u
/ / | | | 1 | 1 | ----- du | ----- du / | 1 + u | 1 - u | | | | 1 / / = | ------ du = ----------- + ----------- | 2 2 2 | 1 - u | /
= log(1 + u)/2 - log(-1 + u)/2
u = sin(y)
/ | | 1 log(1 + sin(y)) log(-1 + sin(y)) | ------ dy = --------------- - ---------------- + C0 | cos(y) 2 2 | /
/ | | 1 log(1 + sin(y)) log(-1 + sin(y)) | ------ dy = C + --------------- - ---------------- | cos(y) 2 2 | /
log(1 + sin(y)) log(-1 + sin(y)) pi*I --------------- - ---------------- + ---- 2 2 2
=
log(1 + sin(y)) log(-1 + sin(y)) pi*I --------------- - ---------------- + ---- 2 2 2
log(1 + sin(y))/2 - log(-1 + sin(y))/2 + pi*i/2
Estos ejemplos se pueden aplicar para introducción de los límites de integración inferior y superior.