/ | | 1 | -------- dx | 2*sin(x) | /
1 -------- 2*sin(x)
sin(x)
/sin(x)\ |------| 1 \ 2 / -------- = -------- 2*sin(x) 2 sin (x)
sin(a)^2 + cos(a)^2 = 1
2 2 sin (x) = 1 - cos (x)
/sin(x)\ /sin(x)\ |------| |------| \ 2 / \ 2 / -------- = ----------- 2 2 sin (x) 1 - cos (x)
u = cos(x)
/ | | /sin(x)\ | |------| | \ 2 / | ----------- dx = | 2 | 1 - cos (x) | /
/ | | /sin(x)\ | |------| | \ 2 / | ----------- dx = | 2 | 1 - cos (x) | /
/ | | -1 | ---------- du | / 2\ | 2*\1 - u / | /
/-1 \ |---| -1 \ 2 / / 1 1 \ ---------- = -----*|----- + -----| / 2\ 2 \1 - u 1 + u/ 2*\1 - u /
/ / | | | 1 | 1 | ----- du | ----- du / | 1 + u | 1 - u | | | | -1 / / = | ---------- du = - ----------- - ----------- | / 2\ 4 4 | 2*\1 - u / | /
= -log(1 + u)/4 + log(-1 + u)/4
u = cos(x)
/ | | 1 log(1 + cos(x)) log(-1 + cos(x)) | -------- dx = - --------------- + ---------------- + C0 | 2*sin(x) 4 4 | /
/ / /x\\ | log|tan|-|| | 1 \ \2// | -------- dx = C + ----------- | 2*sin(x) 2 | /
Estos ejemplos se pueden aplicar para introducción de los límites de integración inferior y superior.